Uman birni ne na Ukrainian da ke cikin yankin Cherkasy a tsakiyar Ukraine, zuwa gabas da Vinnytsia. Da yake a yankin tarihi na gabashin Podolia, birnin yana kan gabar kogin Umanka. Uman yana aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa mai yawan jama'a 85,473 . Ƙara wa wannan yawan jama'a a kusa da bukukuwan Sabuwar Shekarar Yahudawa da ke gudana a halin yanzu akwai dubun dubatar Yahudawa Hasidic alhaji.
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Iyakokin Jiha ta Yukren, kusan mahajjata 28,000 sun riga sun ketara kan iyakar kwanaki 3 kafin Sabuwar Shekara a ranar 8 ga Satumba. A wannan shekara, ana bikin Rosh Hashanah, ko Sabuwar Shekarar Yahudawa, daga 9-11 ga Satumba. Yawancin gungun Yahudawan Hasidic, da yawansu ya haura 10,000, sun isa a ranar 6 ga Satumba. Sun tsallaka zuwa Ukraine musamman a tashoshin jiragen sama na Boryspil, Zhuliany, Lviv, da Odesa, da kuma mashigar ƙasa a kan iyakar Poland, Romania, da Slovakia.
A kowace shekara, Yahudawa Hasidic suna tafiya zuwa Uman don ziyartar makabartar Yahudawa, inda aka binne Reb Nachman na Bratslav (1772-1810), wanda ya kafa kungiyar Breslov Hasidic. Kabarinsa na daya daga cikin wuraren ibadar Hasidim da ake girmamawa, kasancewar wurin da ake gudanar da aikin hajjin shekara-shekara.
Yadda Ya Fara
Ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta bayyana a Uman a farkon ƙarni na 18. Na farko ambaton Yahudawa a Uman yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin Haydamaks. A shekara ta 1749 Haidamacks sun kashe Yahudawan Uman da dama tare da kona wani yanki na garin.
A shekara ta 1761, mai Uman, Earl Pototsky, ya sake gina birnin kuma ya kafa kasuwa, a lokacin da Yahudawa 450 ke zaune a birnin. A wannan lokacin, Uman ya fara bunƙasa a matsayin garin Yahudawa da cibiyar kasuwanci.
A cikin 1768 Haidamacks ya halaka Yahudawan Uman, tare da Yahudawa daga wasu wurare da suka nemi mafaka a can.
A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1788, ɗan rajin juyin juya hali, Maxim Zheleznyak, ya yi tattaki zuwa Uman bayan ya kashe Yahudawan Tetiyev. Lokacin da sojojin Cossack da kwamandansa, Ivan Gonta, suka haye zuwa Zheleznyak (duk da adadin kuɗin da ya samu daga al'ummar Uman da kuma alkawuran da ya yi a baya), birnin ya fadi a hannun Zheleznyak, duk da wani ƙarfin hali na tsaro. wanda Yahudawa suka taka rawar gani. Yahudawan sun taru a cikin majami'u, inda Leib Shargorodski da Moses Menaker suka jagorance su a wani yunƙuri na kāre kansu, amma wutar igwa ta lalata su. An kashe Yahudawan da suka rage a cikin birnin daga baya. An kwashe kwanaki uku ana kashe-kashen ba a bar tsofaffi maza da mata ko kananan yara ba. Gonta ya yi barazanar kisa ga duk Kiristocin da suka kuskura su ba Yahudawa mafaka. An kiyasta adadin 'yan sanda da Yahudawa da aka kashe a "kisan Uman" ya kai 20,000. Ranar tunawa da fara kisan kiyashin, Tammuz 5, bayan haka an kira shi "Mugunyar Uman," kuma an yi ta a matsayin azumi da kuma addu'a ta musamman.
Uman ya zama wani yanki na Rasha a 1793.
A ƙarshen karni na XVIII, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan al'ummar Yahudawa masu yawa a cikin Uman kuma a cikin 1806, akwai Yahudawa 1,895 da aka rubuta suna zaune a cikin birni.
UMAN, UKRAINE – SATUMBA 14: Mahajjata Hasidic suna rawa a nesa da wurin binne Rebbe Nachman na Breslov a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015 a Uman, Ukraine. Kowace shekara, dubun-dubatar Hasidim suna taruwa don Rosh Hashanah a cikin birni don yin addu'a a wuri mai tsarki. (Hoto daga Brendan Hoffman/Hotunan Getty)
Rabiu Nahman
A farkon karni na 19, Uman ya zama cibiyar Hasidism, musamman hade da shahararren tzadik, Rabbi Nahman na Bratzlav (Afrilu 4, 1772 - Oktoba 16, 1810) wanda ya yi shekaru biyu a Uman. Ya zauna a Uman, kafin rasuwarsa a nan ya ce, "Rayukan shahidai (wanda Gonta ya yanka) suna jirana." Kabarinsa a makabartar Yahudawa ya zama wurin aikin hajji ga Bratslav Hasidim daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Bayan mutuwar Rabbi Nachman, shugaban ruhaniya na Bratzlav Hasidim shine Rabbi Nathan Shternharts.
Uman ya yi suna da zama birnin klezmerim ("mawakan Yahudawa"). Kakan dan wasan violin Mischa Elman ya kasance mashahurin klezmer a birnin, kuma an san kade-kaden Uman.
An kuma san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin farko na ƙungiyar Haskalah a cikin Ukraine. Jagoran tafiyar shi ne Chaim Hurwitz. A cikin 1822 "makarantar bisa ka'idodin Mendelssohnia" an kafa a Uman da shekaru da yawa kafin makarantu a Odessa da Kishinev. Wanda ya kafa shi ne Hirsch Beer, ɗan Chaim Hurwitz kuma abokin mawaƙin Yakubu Eichenbaum; an rufe makarantar bayan wasu shekaru.
A cikin 1842 akwai Yahudawa 4,933 a Uman; a 1897 - 17,945 (59% na yawan jama'a), kuma a cikin 1910, 28,267. A cikin 1870 akwai manyan majami'u 14 da gidan addu'a
A ƙarshen ƙarni na XIX-XX Uman ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci. A cikin 1890 an buɗe tashar jirgin ƙasa. Wannan ya inganta ci gaban masana'antu da kasuwanci na cikin gida sosai. A farkon karni na XX, akwai manyan majami'u 4, gidajen addu'o'i 13, makarantun yara maza uku masu zaman kansu da Attaura Talmud a Uman.
A cikin 1905, a sakamakon pogrom an kashe Yahudawa 3.
'Yan kasuwa na Uman a cikin 1913 tare da sunayen Yahudawa masu yawa:
A cikin sashin Uman na Littafin Kasuwancin Daular Rasha ta 1913 ya ambaci abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Malami na hukuma shine Kontorshik Ber Ioselevich
- rabbi na ruhaniya Borochin P., Mats
- majami'u: "Hahnusas-Kalo", Novobazarnaya Horal, Starobazarnaya, Talnovskaya
- Gidajen addu'a: "Besgamedrash", Latvatskogo, Tsirulnikova
– Private Bayahude mace shekaru uku makaranta, shugaban ya Boguslavskaya Tsesya Avramovna
– Talmud-Torah, shugaban Gershengorn A.
– da aka ambata 6 kungiyoyin agaji na Yahudawa
Civil Was pogroms
A lokacin juyin juya halin Bolshevik, Yahudawan Uman sun sha wahala sosai. A cikin bazara da lokacin rani na 1919, dakaru da yawa sun bi ta cikin birni kuma suka aikata pogroms; akwai 400 da aka kashe a farkon pogrom kuma fiye da 90 a cikin na gaba. Fiye da mutane 400 da aka kashe a ranar 12-14 ga Mayu 1919 an binne su a makabartar Yahudawa a cikin kaburbura guda uku. A wannan karon Kiristoci mazaunan sun taimaka wajen ɓoye Yahudawa. Majalisar Zaman Lafiyar Jama’a, wadda yawancin membobinta fitattun Kiristoci ne, tare da tsirarun fitattun Yahudawa, ta ceci birnin daga haɗari sau da yawa; a 1920, alal misali, ya dakatar da pogrom da sojojin Janar A. Denikin suka kaddamar.
A cikin littafin "Sokolievka/Justingrad: Ƙarni na Gwagwarmaya da Wahala a cikin Shtetl na Ukrainian", New York 1983 ya ambaci bayani na gaba game da wannan lokaci a cikin Uman:
Wannan kisan gillar da aka yi wa matasan Yahudawa ya ba da tsoro mai ban tsoro a ko'ina cikin al'ummar Yahudawa na dukan yankin. Ba da jimawa ba labari ya iso wurin Uman cewa Zeleny na kan hanyarsa. Wannan shi ne farkon watan Agusta, kuma babban tsoro ya kama al'ummar Yahudawan Uman. Kwanan nan birnin ya fuskanci kisan Atamans Sokol, Stetsyure da Nikolsky. Wani wanda ya tsira ya ce: "Abin baƙin ciki da rashin taimako ya yi yawa har Yahudawan Uman suka fara jita-jita cewa akwai bataliyoyin Amurka 50 a Kiev waɗanda za su kare su daga pogroms. Fata daya tilo shi ne Amurkawa za su isa gaban kungiyoyin.”
Bayan Yakin Basasa
A cikin 1920s da 30s, Yahudawa da yawa sun ƙaura daga Uman zuwa Kiev da sauran manyan cibiyoyi tare da al'ummar Yahudawa sun ragu da kusan kashi goma cikin 1926 zuwa mutane 22,179 (49,5%).
n 1936, bayan dogon lokaci na makirci ga Yahudawa, kuma bayan da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta dora musu haraji mai yawa da bai dace ba, zamanin majami'a ya ƙare. Marigayi Reb Levy Yitzchok Bender, wanda ke jagorantar majami'ar a lokacin da aka rufe ta, ya yi nuni da cewa, ita ce majami'ar karshe da aka rufe a yankin. Ya zama wurin ajiya ga dukan littattafan Attaura na majami'u na yanki.
A cikin 1939, akwai aƙalla Yahudawa 13,000 (29,8%) a ƙasar Uman.
Holocaust
A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1941, lokacin da aka mamaye Uman, Yahudawa kusan 15,000 suka zauna a cikin birnin wanda ya haɗa da 'yan gudun hijira daga ƙauyuka da garuruwan da ke kewaye.
A yayin harbe-harbe na farko, an kashe likitocin Yahudawa shida. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta ne Jamusawan suka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan wasu mutane 80 daga cikin hazikan Yahudawan yankin.
A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, dubunnan yahudawa ne aka yi garkuwa da su a cikin ginshikin ginin gidan yarin, yayin da kusan dubu daya suka mutu sakamakon shakewa.
A watan Oktoba 1, an kafa ghetto a yankin da ake kira Rakivka. Amma Oktoba 1941 10 (Yom Kippur) an kawar da ghetto a zahiri. Bataliya 1941 na 'yan sanda daga Kirovograd sun kashe Yahudawa 304 daga Uman da 5,400 da aka kama. Yahudawa ne kawai masu basirar da ake bukata don yakin yaƙin sun kasance a cikin ghetto tare da iyalansu. Samborskiy da Tabachnik su ne ke kula da Judenrat. An gallaza wa fursunonin ’yan kwanakin nan.
A cikin Afrilu 1942, Jamus ta bukaci shugaban ghetto Chaim Shvartz ya ba da yara Yahudawa 1000 don kisan kiyashi amma ya ƙi. Bayan haka Jamusawa sun zaɓi yara fiye da 1000 suka kashe su a kusa da ƙauyen Grodzevo.
A cikin 1941-1942 an kashe Yahudawa sama da 10,000 a Uman. An kafa sansanin ƙwadago na Yahudawa daga Transnistria, Bessarabia da Bukovina bayan da ghetto ta rushe.
Wani sansanin POW mai suna "Uman Pit" wanda aka gudanar a lokacin bazara-kaka 1941 a Uman inda dubban mutane suka mutu ko aka kashe. Labaran Jamus game da sansanin "Uman Pit" a 1941:
Kashi 80% na jimillar asarar fararen hula a Uman Yahudawa ne.
Ga wasu Al'ummai masu adalci na Uman da yankin da suka ceci rayukan Yahudawa a lokacin Holocaust: Victor Fedoseevich Kryzhanovskii, Galina Mikhailovna Zayats, Galina Andreyevna Zakharova.
Bayan WWII
A cikin 1959 akwai Yahudawa 2,200 (5% na yawan jama'a). A ƙarshen 1960s an ƙiyasta yawan Yahudawa kusan 1,000. Hukumomi sun rufe majami'ar karshe a shekara ta 1957, kuma makabartar Yahudawa ta lalace. Wani abin tunawa da tunawa da shahidan Yahudawa 17,000 na Nazi yana dauke da rubutu a cikin Yadish.
Wasu Yahudawa har yanzu suna ziyartar kabarin Nahman na Bratslav. Bayan wargajewar Tarayyar Soviet, tafiye tafiye zuwa kabarin Rebbe Nahman ya zama sananne, inda dubbai suka zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya a kan Rosh ha-Shanah.
Bidiyon da ba kasafai ba na aikin hajjin Hasidim zuwa Uman a shekarun karshe na Tarayyar Soviet (1989). A wannan lokacin kabarin Nahman na Rabbi yana kusa da taga gidan Yahudawa a makabartar Yahudawa da aka lalata:
gine
Bangaren kasuwanci na birnin yana kan titin tsakiyar Nikolaev (yanzu Lenin Street). Rukunin Yahudawa yana kudu da tsakiyar birnin mai tarihi, a kan hanyar da ta kai ga gadar da ke kan kogin Umanka. Siffa ta musamman ita ce tsohuwar matsugunin ta. Talakawa Yahudawa galibi suna zama a wurin. Iyalai da yawa sun zauna a gida ɗaya, sun mamaye dukkan benaye, har da gidan ƙasa. Wadannan gidaje sun fi kama da bukkoki, an ajiye su kusa da juna, cunkushe da juna a kan wani tudu mai tudu babu katanga da zai raba su. Titunan ƴan ƙanƙantan tituna sun taru zuwa filin kasuwa.
Cibiyar birnin tana da Majami'ar Choral a kan titin Yahudawa na Sama (yanzu masana'anta "Megaommeter"). Wannan katanga ana kiransa ƙananan Yahudawa ko Rakovka (yanzu titin Sholom Aleichem). Yawan Yahudawa na Rakovka kasance sun tsunduma cikin kananan sana’o’i, kamar kafintoci, masu aikin karfe, dinki da kuma masu yin takalma.
Al'ummar yahudawan sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci a wuraren baje kolin, inda suke gudanar da kananan shaguna da rumfuna da dama. Har yanzu akwai wani rukunin Yahudawa a Uman kuma an kafa shi a kusa da tsakiyar gari, a wani yanki tsakanin titin Uritskogo da Lenin. Titin cefane, wanda galibin Yahudawa mazauna Uman ne ke zaune a da. An lalata majami'ar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma an gina gida a wurinsa.
Rabiu Nahman kabari
Makabartar ta kasance tun kafuwar al'ummar Yahudawa a farkon karni na 18. A cewar wasu majiyoyin Hasidic, an binne wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin Uman a shekara ta 1768 a nan. Mai yiwuwa tsohuwar makabartar ta kasance a wuri guda. A cikin 1811, an binne Rabbi Nachman na Bratzlav kusa da wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin Uman. A cikin karni na 20, an lalata makabartar. Babu wani dutsen kabari da ya tsira daga tsohuwar makabarta.
Tarihin Rabbi Nachman na kabarin Bratzlav, a cewar majiyoyin Bratslaver.
An kafa al'adar ziyartar kabarin Rabbi Nachman a tsakanin dalibansa kusan nan da nan bayan rasuwarsa (lokacin da ya rasu, Rabbi Nachman ya umurci almajiransa da su ziyarci kabarinsa, musamman a kan Rosh Hashana). A cikin 1920-30s, mabiyan Rabbi Nachman daga al'ummar yankin sun kula da kabari.
A lokacin mulkin Nazi an kashe Yahudawa 17,000 na Uman kuma an lalata tsohuwar makabartar Yahudawa gaba daya. An lalata Ohel da ke kabarin Rabbi Nahman ta hanyar tashin bam a 1944. Bayan haka yaki wasu 'yan Hasid suka ziyarci Uman, suka tarar da dutsen kabari kawai.
A cikin 1947 hukumomin yankin sun yanke shawarar gina yankin tsohuwar makabartar Yahudawa da aka lalata. Rabbi Zanvil Lyubarskiy daga Lvov ya san ainihin inda kabarin yake kuma ya sayi wannan fili ta wani yanki mai suna Mikhail. Rabbi ya gina gida kusa da kabarin domin kabarin yana karkashin bango da taga. Amma Mikhail ya ji tsoron a gano shi kuma ya sayar da wurin ga dangin al'ummai. Sabbin magidanta ba su yarda da Yahudawa ba, kuma ba su bar su su ziyarci wannan kabari mai tsarki ba. Bayan wani lokaci aka sake siyar da gidan ga wani dangin al'umma kuma sabon mai gidan ya baiwa Hasidim damar yin addu'a har zuwa 1996 lokacin da Breslover Hasidim ya sayi gidan akan dalar Amurka 130,000.
Babu wani dutsen kabari guda daya da ya tsira daga asalinsa. Makabartar ta ƙunshi kabarin da aka sake ginawa na Rabbi Nahman na Bratzlav, wanda aka gina a bangon gidan, bisa ga al'adar Bratslaver. Wannan dutse yana kusa da kabarin Rabbi Nachman, an lalata ainihin abin tunawa a lokacin yakin.
Tsohon majami'u
A yankin masana'antar "Megaohmmeter" na zamani akwai majami'u biyu, babban choral daya da kuma na Hasidim. Babban majami'ar choral yanzu yana dauke da na'urar lantarki. Dukansu gine-gine sun koma karni na XIX. Sama da shekaru biyar ana shari'ar kotu na mayar da gine-ginen majami'ar ga al'umma. An rufe majami'ar Hasidim a shekarar 1957, ita ce majami'ar karshe a birnin.
Sukhyi Yar mass grave
A cikin dazuzzuka, a tsakiyar Sukhyi Yar, akwai wani dutsen dutse mai tsayi kimanin mita uku, kewaye da ginshiƙai da sarƙar ƙarfe. Obelisk ɗin yana ɗauke da faranti uku tare da rubutun tunawa.
“A nan Ya Kwance Tokar Yahudawa 25,000 Daga Uman, Aka Kashe A Kaka 1941. A Daure Rayukansu Da Rayuwarmu Har Abada. ARZIKI MUTUM."
Tovsta Dubina mass kabari
A watan Fabrairun 1942 an kashe Yahudawan Uman 376 a yankin "Tovsta Dubina" da ke kudancin birnin. An kafa wani abin tunawa a can a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2007. An buga wannan bayanin akwai.
Tsoffin Makabartun Yahudawa
Fiye da kashi 90% na dutsen kaburbura a tsohon ɓangaren an lalata su a lokacin WWII.
Akwai ƴan sanannun kaburbura:
Rabbi Avraham Chazan (? - 1917) shine jagoran Breslov Hasid a farkon karni na XX. Shi ɗa ne ga Rabbi Nachman na Tulchin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗaliban kuma magajin jama'a na Rebbe Nathan na Bratslav. Bayan ƙaura zuwa Urushalima a cikin 1894, Rabbi Avraham zai yi tafiya kowace shekara zuwa Uman. A shekara ta 1914 aka tilasta masa ya ci gaba da zama a kasar Rasha saboda barkewar yakin duniya na daya. Ya zauna a can har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1917 kuma aka binne shi a makabartar sabuwar Yahudawa ta Uman.
A lokacin pogrom na 12-14 ga Mayu kadai, an kashe Yahudawa 400. Ba za a iya tantance ainihin adadin wadanda abin ya shafa ba. Ana kuma binne wadanda aka kashe a can ma.
Abin tunawa yana ɗauke da rubutu mai zuwa: “Wannan wurin wani babban kabari ne na Yahudawa kusan 3000 daga unguwar, Allah Ya ɗauki fansa ga jininsu, An kashe su a lokacin pogrom a shekara ta 5680 (1920). Ohaley Tzadikiim, Jerusalem”.
Sabbin Makabartun Yahudawa
Har yanzu ana amfani da Sabuwar makabartar kuma tana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Makabartar tana da sabon shinge da sabuwar kofa. Ya rabu da tsohon makabarta da shinge.
